INTRODUCTION

• DEFINITIONS
• Definitions
• Definitions

BATTERY COMPONENTS AND OPERATION

• Cell and Battery Voltage
• Series and Parallel Connections
• Figure 3.  Cells connected in parallel
• Series and Parallel Connections
• Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries
• Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries
• Electrochemistry of the Lead-Acid Cell
• Negative and Positive Plate Construction Methods
• Antimony/Calcium/Selenium/Tin Alloying
• Figure 6.  Typical construction of a tubular plate
• Specific Gravity
• Figure 8.  Changes in voltage and specific gravity during charge and discharge
• Table 1.  Specific gravities for flooded batteries
• Effects of Discharge Rate and Temperature on Capacity and Life
• Figure 10.  Typical effects of depth of discharge on traction battery life
• Starting, Lighting, and Ignition
• Stationary
• Portable
• Figure 14.  Components of sealed lead-acid cell.
• Figure 15.  Diagram of a duty cycle
• Portable
• General
• Constant-Voltage Charging
• Float Charging
• Trickle Charging
• Maintaining Electrolyte Levels
• Avoiding High Temperatures
• Safety Precautions
• Testing
• Testing
• Storage
• Storage
• BIBLIOGRAPHY
• BIBLIOGRAPHY
• CONCLUDING MATERIAL