DOE-HDBK-1015/2-93Principles of Water TreatmentDISSOLVED GASES, SUSPENDED SOLIDS, AND pH CONTROLRev. 0CH-04Page 21Another method used for the removal of suspended corrosion products in facility fluid systemsis the electromagnetic filter. These are gaining popularity in PWR feed and condensate systemswhere they have proven effective in reducing the crud loading of these systems, thereby reducingthe inventory of corrosion products in steam generators.Ion exchangers also function as filtration units by virtue of the size of the resin beads and thetorturous path the water must follow in passing through the resin. The filtration efficiency,however, is significantly less than the ion exchange efficiency (90% or less for filtration versusapproximately 100% for most ion exchange reactions). Filtration efficiency depends largely onthe size of the suspended materials, with greater efficiency for the larger particles. Adverseeffects of this filtration process are similar to those occurring in other types of filters. In aradioactive system, the buildup of filtered particles (crud) can increase the radiation toprohibitive levels or cause flow reductions that may necessitate removal or backwash of theresin.pHControlAs discussed in Module 2, in reactor facilities other than those containing aluminum componentsor using chemical shim, reactor coolant is maintained in an alkaline condition to controlcorrosion in the system. In practice, if the desired alkaline condition is established, and no otheraction is taken, the pH gradually decreases during operation of the facility. This is due to factorssuch as dilution from makeup water additions to compensate for coolant losses caused bysampling, leakage, volume changes on facility cooldown, and reaction of hydroxyl ions (OH )-with metals and corrosion products. Thus, hydroxyl ions must be added to the coolant tomaintain a basic pH. The ion exchange process provides a convenient means of helping tocontrol the pH of reactor coolant by adding OH ions from the exchange reactions of the resin.-A hydroxyl form anion resin, and a cation resin in some form other than the hydrogen form, maybe used for this purpose as in a mixed-bed arrangement, similar to that shown in Figure 3, orin separate cation and anion units where flow is individually controlled. Usually, a portion ofthe reactor coolant is diverted from its normal path, passes through the ion exchange resin, andthen is returned to the main coolant path. In this way, part of the coolant is constantly purified,and in the process hydroxyl ions are released to the coolant. These hydroxyl ions tend toincrease the pH (or limit the decrease), thereby offsetting the effects mentioned in the precedingparagraph.Suppose that the cation resin is in the ammonium form. As reactor coolant passes through theion exchange system, ionic impurities will be removed and NH and OH will be added. Thus,4+-the resin serves both to purify the coolant and to help maintain the pH of the coolant byreleasing NH OH.4
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