DOE-HDBK-1015/2-93
Principles of Water Treatment
DISSOLVED GASES, SUSPENDED SOLIDS, AND pH CONTROL
Rev. 0
CH-04
Page 21
Another method used for the removal of suspended corrosion products in facility fluid systems
is the electromagnetic filter. These are gaining popularity in PWR feed and condensate systems
where they have proven effective in reducing the crud loading of these systems, thereby reducing
the inventory of corrosion products in steam generators.
Ion exchangers also function as filtration units by virtue of the size of the resin beads and the
torturous path the water must follow in passing through the resin. The filtration efficiency,
however, is significantly less than the ion exchange efficiency (90% or less for filtration versus
approximately 100% for most ion exchange reactions). Filtration efficiency depends largely on
the size of the suspended materials, with greater efficiency for the larger particles. Adverse
effects of this filtration process are similar to those occurring in other types of filters. In a
radioactive system, the buildup of filtered particles (crud) can increase the radiation to
prohibitive levels or cause flow reductions that may necessitate removal or backwash of the
resin.
pH Control
As discussed in Module 2, in reactor facilities other than those containing aluminum components
or using chemical shim, reactor coolant is maintained in an alkaline condition to control
corrosion in the system. In practice, if the desired alkaline condition is established, and no other
action is taken, the pH gradually decreases during operation of the facility. This is due to factors
such as dilution from makeup water additions to compensate for coolant losses caused by
sampling, leakage, volume changes on facility cooldown, and reaction of hydroxyl ions (OH )-
with metals and corrosion products. Thus, hydroxyl ions must be added to the coolant to
maintain a basic pH. The ion exchange process provides a convenient means of helping to
control the pH of reactor coolant by adding OH ions from the exchange reactions of the resin.
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A hydroxyl form anion resin, and a cation resin in some form other than the hydrogen form, may
be used for this purpose as in a mixed-bed arrangement, similar to that shown in Figure 3, or
in separate cation and anion units where flow is individually controlled. Usually, a portion of
the reactor coolant is diverted from its normal path, passes through the ion exchange resin, and
then is returned to the main coolant path. In this way, part of the coolant is constantly purified,
and in the process hydroxyl ions are released to the coolant. These hydroxyl ions tend to
increase the pH (or limit the decrease), thereby offsetting the effects mentioned in the preceding
paragraph.
Suppose that the cation resin is in the ammonium form. As reactor coolant passes through the
ion exchange system, ionic impurities will be removed and NH and OH will be added. Thus,
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+
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the resin serves both to purify the coolant and to help maintain the pH of the coolant by
releasing NH OH.
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