ConnectorbusActivematerialCenteringprojectionsPorousseparatorsAxialleadcurrentcollectorEnd capOPERATION AND CONSTRUCTIONDOE-HDBK-1084-95Lead-Acid Storage BatteriesBatteriesPage 16Rev. 0 Figure 6. Typical construction of a tubular plate.The two most common alloys used today to harden the grid are antimony and calcium. Batteries with these types of grids are sometimes called "lead-antimony" and "lead-calcium" batteries. Tin is added to lead-calcium grids to improve cyclability. Themajor differences between batteries with lead-antimony and lead-calcium grids are asfollows:1.Lead-antimony batteries can be deep cycled more times than lead-calcium batteries.2.Flooded lead-antimony batteries require more frequent maintenance asthey near end-of-life since they use an increasing amount of water andrequire periodic equalization charges. 3.Lead-calcium batteries have lower self-discharge rates as shown inFigure 7 and therefore, will draw less current while on float charge thanlead-antimony batteries.4.Lead-calcium positive plates may grow in length and width because ofgrid oxidation at the grain boundaries. This oxidation is usually caused
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