CHEMICAL BONDINGDOE-HDBK-1015/1-93Fundamentals of ChemistryCH-01Rev. 0Page 28Figure 10 Van der Waals ForcesVan der Waals forces are small compared to the forces of chemical bonding and are significantonly when the molecules are very close together.OrganicChemistryOrganic chemistryis defined as the chemistry of carbon compounds. The compounds of carbonare in forms of living things and in synthetic fabrics and plastics. Organic chemistry is so broada topic that it is usually subdivided into smaller areas. How the carbon is combined and whatit is combined with determines the subdivision for a particular compound. These subdivisionsare referred to as families or classes. The carbon atoms can combine to form straight chains, rings, or branched chains. The bondsbetween carbon atoms can be single, double, triple or a combination of these. Other atoms (H,O, N, S, P) and the halogens can be attached to the carbon atoms to yield derivatives. The large family of organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen are calledhydrocarbons. These can be further divided into two broad classes, aliphatic (fatty) andaromatic (fragrant). Aliphatic hydrocarbons are divided into two categories, saturated and unsaturated and intosubdivisions alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. These subdivisions reflect the type of bond betweenthe carbon atoms. AlkanesAlkanesare saturated compounds which have single bonds between carbon atoms and containthe maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible. Each carbon is flanked by four covalentbonds and each hydrogen atom shares one pair of electrons with a carbon atom, as illustratedin Figure 11.
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